mourya samrajya or uska itihas or samrat part 1 Maurya Empire मौर्य राजवंश -

mourya samrajya or uska itihas   or samrat   .
326 b c me sikandar  or uski saina  punjab  apne vinash kaari yudh me  lagi thi.
 madhyapradesh  or bihar me nand vash ke raja  dhananand   raj kar rahe the.
  ,sikamdar ke hamle se desh ke liye  khatra paida ho gaya  tha.
dhananand  khushkismat tha ki vo is hamle se bach gaya  tha.






ye kahna  kathin hai ,dhananand ki desh ki raksha ka samrt hota hai ki nahi  .
magadh ke pas vishal saina thi.
  lekin  janta khush nahi thi.
 janta uske naiture se dukhi thi  .
 jyada kar ke kaaran  janta me asantosh tha.

inhe bhi jaane 

saatvaahn ki history


mahajanpad

deah ko ek aise insaan ki jarurat thi. jo  magadh ki raksha kar sake or   or videshi hamle se utpann is sankat se door kar sake .
 jo vibhinn bhaaagon ko ek shasan ke sutra me baandh sake .


chandra gupt moury . is bich  kotilya chaanakya  dhananand ke rajbhavan me aakr  dhananand ko samjhane ka or rajya ke vistar ke baare baat karne ke liye gaye   .tab dhananand ne  chanakya ka apmaan kiya  or nagar se baahar nikal diya .
 tab  chankya (vishugupt)ne usko rajgaddi se utarne ki kasam khai  or apne shishya  chandragupt moury ko taiyyar kiya . jisne dhananand ko haraya or magadhpar apna adhikar kar liya jastin or dusre vidvano ne  isko "sendrocottas" kaha .
villyum jans pehle  vidvan the jihone "sendrocottas"ki pechaan  bharatiya grantho ke chandragupt se ki thi.
 yahi bharatiya itihas ki adhar shila bani.

chandagupt 

mourya shasako  ki list...
 1chandrgupt moury-      323-  298 b c



2 bindusara-297 .-272 b c


3 ashok - 273  - 232 b c

4 dashrat moury  232- 224  b c

5 samprati   -  224 -215 b c


6 shalishuk - 215 -202  b c


7 dev varman  -202 -195 b c


8 shatdhanvan  -195  -187  b c




9 brahday mour  -187 -185  b c



ashok ke baad -puraano ke aadhar par  ashok ke baad  kunaal rajgaddi par baitha
divyavadaan me usko  dharmvivardhan   kaha gaya  hai  , lekin ye ashok ke putra the.
 rajtargini ke adhar par jalol  kashmir ka ek svatantra rajy ban gaya .

sikke 

taar nath ke ausaar virsen  ashok ka putra tha.
 jo gaandhar ka svatantra    shasak ban gaya .



ashok ki mratyu ke baad hi mourya samrajy bant gaya
kunaal  andha tha   .
isliye shasan karne me  asamartha tha .
 jain or bodha grantho ke adhar par  shasan ki jimmedaari  uske putra  amprati ke hath me thi.
 in anusrutiyo ke anusaar samprati  hi kunaal  ka uttradikari   tha .

 

puraano or nagarjuni gufao ke shilalekhon ke anusaar dasharath   , kunaal ka putra tha .
nagarjuni gufao ko dashrath  dan kar di thi.

in sabooto se ye pata chalta  hai ,ki magadh do bhago me bant gaya tha.






dashrath ka adhikar  purva me tha.
or samprati kaadhikar paschimi bhag me tha.

mahendra or sanghmitra

mourya samrajya ka akhiri samrath,- vishnu puran or gaargi sanhita ki maane to samprati or dashrath ke baad  mourya ka shasak saalikshuk tha.
usko samprati ka putra brahspati bhi mana ja sakta .

magadh ka antim raja brahdath hi tha . jiski hatya  usi ke sainapati pushyamitra shung ne ki thi iske baad shangu vash ka samrajya shuru ho gaya 

mahendra or sanghmitra - ashok mourya ne boudha dharm ko apna liya is.dharm  ke updesh keval bharat desh. iske alava videsh me bhi  pracharit karne ke bhi kadam uthaye  .

ashok ne apne putra mahendra    putri         sanghmitra ko is karya  ke liye  shrèe lanka  bheja tha . ashok

bodha yug or goutam budha ka itihasबौद्ध धर्म का इतिहास और महत्‍वपूर्ण तथ्‍य

bodha yug or  goutam budha ka itihas-bagwan budha ke jivankal me . e ki satvi sadi or shuruati chhati shatabdi  ke 16    mahajanapad  (shaktiya  )  thi.

bhagwan budha

ati mahatvapurn ganrajyo me kapilvastu  ke shankya or vaishali ke lichchhivee ganrajy the.
ganrajyon ke alawa  kuchh rajtantrirajy bhi the.
jinme koushabi (vatsa) magadh,koushal ,or avanti  mukhya the.
in rajuo ka shasan aise shaktishali vyaktiyo ke pas tha,jinhone rajyavistar or padosi rajyo ko  apne me milane nitee apna rakhi thi.
iske bavjud  ganrajyatmak rajyo ke tab bhi spashth sanket the. jab rajao ke adhin rajyo ka vistar ho raha tha.

budha 

budha ka janm 

budha ka janm b c 560  me hua tha.

or unki mratyu b c 480  ke lagbhag  80 saaal ki umra me hui thi.
  unka janm naipal ke himalay parvat shrankhla ke palvagiree ki talhati me sthit  kapilvastu nagar  lumbini  naamak vilage me hua tha .
 budha ka asali naam sidhdhart tha.
siddharth  goutam ne bodha dharm ki sthapna ki ,jo purvi asia  ke adhikatar hisso me  ek mahaan sanskrati  ke rup me faila hua tha.
 is dharm  ko maananewale  jyadatar   china ,japan , koriya  ,thailand ,kambodiya  , sheelanka  ,naipal  bhutan  or bharat  hai .
 bagwan  budha   ka parwar .
bagwan budha ke mata pita  ka naam shudhodhan or mata ka naam  mayadevi  mayadevi ki mout  siddharth ke janm ke 7 din baad  ho gai thi inki souteli ma prajapati goutami thi .
 siddharth ki 16 saal ki umra me shadi  dandpani shakya ki kanya yashodhara se hua tha.
or inke baite ka naam rahul tha.
29 saal ki umra me apna ghar chhod diya tha.
 apne guruo aalarklam,rudrakaram ,koundinya bhadiya  mahanama  or assagi naam ke guru se shiksha li.
iske baad 6 saal tak bina khaye piye tapsya ki pheer unko gyan mila  .
jiske baad unko boudhgaya  naam mila.
uske baad unke anek updesh ,pravachan hue .
budha ke 3 mukhya  anuyaai (bhakt) .
1 bimbasaar .
2prasenjit.
3 udyan.
bagwan budha ki mout-bhagwan budha ki mout kinshinaara  me chund ke bhojan ke baad hua  tha. jisa samay upar de diya hai .







doston kaisi laga ye article
agar isme kuchh rah gaya ya kuch galat ho to mujhe jarur bataye  .
jaha tak maine apko bilkul sach batane ki koshish ki hai.

magadh maha jan pad part 2 मगध साम्राज्य का इतिहास

magadh maha jan pad   pichle article me humne dekha kis tarah  magadh ka vikash  hua .


magadh ki rajdhani patliputr  bharat bhar ki rajniteek satta  ka kendra bindu thi.










 magadh ka mahatvake baad  bhi kai  sadiyo tak bana raha  or gupt kaal ke shuru me  kafi samay tak  gupt samrajya ki rakdhani  patliputr thi.

  kaalidas ke samay  (5 sadi e)me bhi magadh ki pratishtha vaisi hi rahi  kyoki raghuvashi me indumati  ka svayamvar  ke parang me magadhnaresh ki rajdhani ko kaalidas ne  e puskarpur  bataya  .

history of bihar

gup kaal ki avnati ke sath ho magadh ki pratishtha bhi kam ho gai .

 or chhathi sadi or saatvi sadiyo me magadh bharat  ka  chhota sa prant me raha gaya .


  magadh ka gourav itihas  ka vishay ban gaya   .


jain saahitya    me anek   sathao par magadh or    uski rajdhani   rajgrah (raigih )  ka lekh   hai.
 kalantar ke  ka vikas ho gaya tha.

or magadh ka itihas (bhartiya sanskrati or sabhyata ke vikas ka mukhya adhar  ke rup me )  sampurnbharatvarsh ka itihas ban gaya







bimbasaar ne  haryak vansh ki sthapna 544 b c me  ki  iske sath hi  rajniteek shaktiyo ke sath  me bihar ka uday hua  .

magadh and bihar

ko magadh ka vastvik sansthapak ya raja mana jata hai .
 bimbasaar ne apni rajdhani girivraj [7](rajgir)  ko  banai .iske baad   vaivahik sambndho (koushal,vaishali ,or punjab)ki nitee apnakar apne rajya ka vistar kiya  .
ue magadh naamak kshetra  madhya bihar ka ek bhogolikksheyra hai.
rajniteek or prashaasik maan chitra  me yah mukhyatah  magadh prmadal ke rup me hai  os magadh prmandal ke distric  ga
gaya ,ourngabaad ,jahanbaad ,jahana prmadal ka  mukhyalay gaya me hi hai  or  maghdachal ka saaskratik  rajniteek or vyavsaayik kendra .






bihaar rajya naipal ke tarai  kshetro me boli jaane wali  bihaari bhashao me magdhi prakrat ka adhunik pratinidhi mana jata hai .
is kshetra me har parakar ki kalaae  prachin kaal se ho hai.
yahi kalantar se  kalakaaro ki rojiroti ka jariya hai .

magadha ka maha janpad part 1 मगध महाजनपद मगध साम्राज्य का उदय

magadha ka  janpad-

 magadh parchin  bharat  16 mahajanpad me se ek tha .

boudha kaal or parvarti kaal me uttri  bharat  ka sanse shaktishali janpad tha .

iski sthitee sthulrup se  dakshin bihar  ke pradesh me thi .

adhunik patna or gaya distric  inme shamil the.

iski rajdhani girivraj thi.
bhagwan budha  ke brahday or jarasndh  yaha ke pratisthit raja the .
 abhi is naam se bihar me ek  pramandal hai.
magadh  pramandal - magadh ka sarvpratham ullekh  atharvaid  me milta hai.

 uttar vaidik kaal  tak magadh  ,arya  sabhyata  ke prabhav se baahar tha.
 abhiyaan  chintamani ke anusaar magadh.
  ke  kikat  kaha gaya hai.

magadh ka mahajanpad

magadh  budha kaalin samay ka shaktishali  raj tantro me ek tha .
ye dakshini bihaar me sthit tha.


jo kalantar me uttar bharat  ka sabse shaktishali  mahajanpad  ban gaya .
ye garimamai itihas  or rajnitee or dharmikta ka vishva kendra ban gaya  

magadh mahajanpad ki sima  uttar me ganga   se dakshin  me vindhya  parvat  tak  purv me chamapa  se paschim me soun  nadi  tak thi.
magadh ka pehli baar ullekh se suchit  hota hai  hai, ki   vishvafatik  naam ke raja  ne magadh me  pehli baar  varno ki parmpara  ka chalan karke  aarya sabhyata ka prachar kiya  .
vaaj sainiya sanhita  me  magadh ke charno  ka ullekh milta  hai.



magadh ki prachin  rajdhani  rajgrah thi  ,ye 5 pahadiyo ke bich me thi .
  kaalatar me  magadh  rajya me  tatkalin shaktishali  rajkoushal , vats ,avanti ko apne janpad me mila liya .
 is prakar magadh ka vistar  akhand bharat ke rup me hua  or prachin magadh ka itihas hi  bharat ka itihas ban gaya .
magadh rajya ka vistar  uttar me ganga  paschim me soun nadi  or dakshin me   jangli pathar  pradesh tak tha.





patna or gaya distric ka kshetra  prachinkaal se hi  rajniteek  utthan  patan  or samajik -dharmik  jagrati ka kendra raha hai.




 goutam budha ke samay me magadh  me bimbsaar  or uske baad  me  uske putra ajatshatru ka raj tha.
is samaymagadh   ki    koushal mahajanpad se anban thi .
 pheer bhi  koushal naresh  prasenjit  ki putri ka vivah bimbsaar se hua tha.

iske falswarup
  kaashi ka mahajanpad magdharaj ko dahej me mila tha .

magadh

  

magadh ke utkarsh ka samay tha.
or badalti sadiyo me is janpad ki shakti badti rahi    4th  sadi  me magadh ke shasak  nand the uske baad  chandra gupt mourya or ashok ke shasankaal me  magadh   ne apni shakti uchch shikhar par thi.

saatvahan ke shasan ke yudh or uska ant

saatvahan ke shasan  ke yudh or uska ant  shuruat me saatvaahan ke rajya ke samay se hi paschimi kinaare ke ke bandargaaho ,jo us kaal me bharat  rom vyapar ke kaaran  falfull rahe the.
 tak pahuch or paschimi  kshatrapo ke  rajy me lage hone ke kaaran  in dono bharatiy rajyo me yudh ka silsila lagbhag  hamesha  ke liye chalta raha  .




is sanghrash ke baad pehle charan me  kshatrap  nahpan  dwara naasik or paschimi dakkan ke anya ilako par hamle se pata chalta hai.

saatvahan ki rup rakha

is vansh ke shasak  goutamiputra  shatkarni ( shasan lagbhag 106-130 e) ne saatvaahano ki shakti ko  punrjiveet kiya  .
unhone  kaafi bade ilaake par vijay prapt ki  jo paschimottar me rajsthan se  dakshin purva me  andhra  tak or paschim me gujrat se kaling tak faila hua tha.








150 e se pehale kisi samay kshatrpo ne inme se adhiktar kshetra saatvaahano se  vaapis chhin liye the.
 or unhe haraya tha .



abhilekh  or sikke . abhilekho me jin shasako ka ullekh hai .

saatvaahan ke naam se hai .
 pourano me unhe   andhra bhratya  kah kar  bhi pukaara jata  hai.

kuch vidwano ne isse arth nikala  ki ve   andhra   jo kabhi kisi  dusri shakti ke bhratya or saivak the.
  .
anya vidwan is ki vyakhya "  andhro ke bhratya  " karte the.
 matlab saatvaahan shasak pehle  andhrvanshiy Rajao  ke bhratya  the.


pouraano ke praman ke anusaar   andhro  ke uday  ki tithi lagbhag   b  c  30 kahi ja sakti hai.




pratham saatvaahan   shasak  simuk tha.
 usko  shunk or kaanv  shakti ka naayak kaha jata hai.
 uska  shasan kaal  e pu  pratham shatabdi  ka tisra charan kaha gaya hai  .
goutamiputra ke baite  vashistha putra  poolmaavi (130 -159e)  ne paschim me shasan kiya  unki pravrati purva or purvottar me vistar karne ki thi.
   . vashistha putra poolmavi  ka  abhilekh  or dikke   andhra  me bhi paaye gaye hai.
  or  shivshree  shatkarni  (159-166e)  ki jankari  krisna or goudavari  jile me paaye gaye  sikko se milti hai .





shree yagya  sahtkarni  (174
-203e)  ke kshetra  ke sikke  krishna or goudavari jile   madhyapradesh  ke chanda  jile   ,barar uttri or  sourastra  me bhi paaye gaye  .

ssatvaahan ka ant 

antim shasak  .
shree yagya saatvaahan ke itihas me antim mahatvapurn  shasak the.
 unhone kshatrapo par vijay prapt ki   .lekin  unke uttradhikari   jinke baare me jaankari  vanshavaliyo or sikko se milti hai  , ne uski tulna me simeet shasan.kiya  baad ki mudra ke jaari hone ke  sthaniya  swarup or unke paaye jàane wale sthano se saatvaahan  vansh ke baad  ke vilhnadan ka pata chalta hai.
andhra kshetr  pehle ikshvaku  vansh ke hatho me or pheer pallav vansh  ke paas chala gaya  .


paschimi dakkan ke ilaako me nai sthaniya  shaktiyon  jaise  chutu ,abhir or kuru   ka uday hua  barar  kshetra  me  chouthi  shatabdi  ke aarambha  me vaakatak vansh  aprajay   raajnitik  shakti ke rup me ubhara  is kaal tak saatvaahan  purnrup  se  vikhand ho chuka tha.saatvaahano  ke uttar adhikaari   tisri shatabdi e me  saatvaahano ki satta khatm hone  par kuchkshetriya  shasako ne apne ko swatntra ghoshit kar diya ò

saatvahan rajya or uska udgam or uska itihas

saatvaahan rajya or uska udgam or uska itihas  aj hum saatvahan or uske udgam ke baare me  .
saatvaahanka kendra bindu  maharastra me pratishtha naam ka sthan  tha.
is rajya ko   andhra saatvaahan rajya bhi kaha jata hai.
jiski  vajah se ye mana jata hai , ki kadachit inka udgam  andhra pradesh  me hua hoga  jaha se goudavri nadi ke kinaare ke sath sath paschim ki or bade or mourya samrajya ke patan ka labh uthate hue  svyam ko vaha ka  shaktishali  banaya .

saatvahan

lekin ek mat ke anusar  ve shuru me dakshin paschim ke vashi the.
or  dheere dheere apna pradesh paschim  purvee tath tak vistar kar liya  



kalanter me me unhe  andhra  kaha jaane 


laga




  saatvaahano ka prachin abhilekh  paschim dkshin se mila tha.


saatvaahan  vansh ke shashak ko  dakshinadhipati  kaha jata hai.
 dakshinapath  ka matlab  sadev bhogolik  kshetra me nahi aata hoga .
 kabhi  kabhi  iska  arth  vidhya ke dakshin ka samgra pradesh  hota hai.
 lekin adhiktar  iska abhipray  varmaan maharastra  or iske pas wale pradesh se hai.




saatvaahan  vansh  ke shru ke shaashko  ke samay  dakshinapath se sambhavatah  yaahi arth niklata hai   .
 is vansh ke shuruati shasako ka abhilekh  uttri maharastra  me naasik  or naaneghat me mile hai.

saatvaahan ka itihas .-saatvaahan bahrat ka rajvans tha.
jisne kendriya  dakshin  bharat me rajya kiya  .
bhartiya parivaar , jo puraano par adharit kich vyakhyao ke anusaar   andhra jaati( janjaati) ka tha .
or dakshinapath  matlab  dakshini kshetra me saamrajya ki sthapna karne wala pahla  dakkani vanshi  tha.
saatvaahan vansh ke ke sansthapak sumuk ne   60 b c se 37 b c tak rajya kiya  uske baad  uska bhai  krishna or pheer  krishna ka putra  saatkarni    pratham gaddi par baitha .
isi  shasankaal me saatvaahan vansh ko sabse  adhik partistha milee .
vah  khrvail ka  samkaalin tha.
 usne goudavri ke kinaare par pratisthanagar ko apni rajdhani banaya  .
is avnsh ke  27 shasak hue .
ye hindu dharm ko maante the.
sath hi  inhone  budha or jain dharm ki bhi sahayata ki .
 ye  mourya saamrajya ke patan ke baad  shaktishali  bana .
8 vi sadi ke prva me inka ullehk milta hai .
 ashok ki mout (232 b c)  ke baad
saatvaahano ne  svatntra  ghoshit kar diya  tha.
pouranik praamaano ke adhar par saatvaahan  vansh ki utpatti  pehli sadi   b c  ke uttar kaal me batai gai hai.
 lekin kuch vidvan is vansh ko tisree sadi  b c kaa bhi bataate hai.
  shuruat me  saatvaahan vansh paschim  dakkan ke kuch hisso me  simeet tha  .
naaneghat  ,naasik , kaarle , or kànheri  ki gufao me  mile abhilekh  shuruati shasak  simuk  .krishna  or  shatkarni  ke smrati chinha mile hai .






ise bhi pade


saatvahan ka rajya

saatvaahan ka rajya part 1,सातवाहन शासक कौन थे, भारतीय इतिहास में उनका योगदान

saatvaahan ka rajya  part 1 .

dsoton aj hum  apne article me me saatvaahan rajya ke baare me baat karenge 

saatvaahan ka rajya - jab morya saamrajya ki taaqat kam thi.

goudavri

  nadi ke kinaare me sthit paithan)  ko apni rajdhani bana kar saatvaahan ne apni shakti ki shuruat ki .

is vans ka pratham raja tha simuk (shreemukh) jisne 210 b c ke lagbhag apne     indipented rajya  ki sthapana ki thi.

 tisree sadi ke akhiree samay shuru hokar 

saatvaaahan samrajya

saatvaahan ka ye rajya 4 sadiyon tak chala .

bharat ke itihas me aisa koi rajvansh nahi hai .
jo itne samay   bina kisi avrodh ke shasan chala .
 itne samay me 

saatvaahan rajao ne  na keval dakshinapanth me sthai shasan kiya  , balki utterapath me bhi hamla karke  kuch samay ke liye magadha  par apna adhikar bho kar liya tha.

yahi kaaran tha  kibpouranik anushruti me kaanva vansh  ke baad  andhra vansh ke shasan ka lekh milta hai .

saatvaahan ki sruti

saatvaahan  ke pratapi rajao ne  videshi  akratao ke virudha bhi ek adbhut safalta haasil ki

dakshinapath ke in rajao  varnan  na keval sikko or abhilekho me   balki kai aise granth hai jime inka  itihas  milta hai.  

agle aricle me hum inka udgam or rajao ki janlari padenge  

raksha bandhanki kahani or shuruat, rakshabandhan ki jankari

raksha bandhanki kahani or shuruat- 26 august  ka din  ko raksha bandhan kya festival  ke rup me celebration kiya jayega

Raksha bandhan-doston raksha bandhan ke bhai bahan ka festival hai .
is festival me ek niswarth prem or sachchai ka darshan hota hai .
 lekin aj ke jamaane me to har chij ke mmayne badal gaye hai.
  waqt ke sath sab badal jata hai .
lekin is festival ke maayne vahi hai.
 srawan sukl purnima ko manaya jaane wala ye festival   apne aap me bahut mahatva rakhta hai maanavta ke liye .

raksha badhan ki shuruat  .
is featival ki shuruat  poraanik hai.
jiske kahaani me apse share karna chaunga .jo ki is prakaar hai  .
purv kaal me detyaraj bali ne apne 100 yagya purn kar liye the  .
ab usko swarglok ki chah thi.
jske kaaran indra ka sihasan hilne lag gaya tha.
 ab indra ne apni madad ke liye  bhagwan vishnu se anurodh kiya  vo kuch kare  tab bhagwan visnu ne  waman rup lekar raja bali se 3 pag dharati maangi  .
magar  bali ke guru shukradev ne apne tap se bhagwan ko mana kiya magar bali ne jo vachan de diya  usko pura kiya .or bhagwan ko 3 pag dharati daan me di .
uske baad bagwan ne 1pag me puri dharati .
2pag me pura brahmmnad naap liya   .
uske baad 1 pag shesh rah gaya bhagwan bole bali ke pass 1 pag me dene ke liye kuch nahi hai .
bali ne kaha 1pag bhagwan bali ke sir  par rakhe.
bhagwan ne aisa hi kiya  jiske kaaran vo rasatal me chala gaya   .
sath hi  bali ne ek vachan bhi le liya ki bhagwan  hamesha bali ke samne rahe .
tab rasatal me bali ne  bhagwan vishnu ko  dwarpal bana kar apne paas rakh liya  .
ab mata laxmi pareshan ho gai  .
ki bhagwan ko vapas kaise vaapas bulaya jaay  .
tab naarad ji vaha aaye or laxmi ji ko advise kiya ko vo raja bali ko rakhi bhej kar uphaar me bhagwan ko maang le .
laxmi ji ne aisa kiya  .
tab se aj tak ye festival is prakar se manaya jata hai

  dosto ye article kaise laga ap jarur comment kare 

chhati shatabadi ka maha janapad

chhati shatabadi ka maha janapad .
doston .
aaj ke articale me hum baat karenge  chhati shatabadi ka maha janapad .ki 

maha janpad ka shuruati dour-
shuruati  bharatiya itihas me chhati shatabdi  me b c ko badlaav ka kaal kahte hai .
ye samay   shuruato rajy or lohe ka upyog or coin ke vikash ke rup me jana jata hai .
 isi samay buddha or jain dharm ke shuruati granth  me maha janapad naam se solah (16) rajyon ka vivaran milta hai mahajanapado ke naam ki list sabhi grantho me samaan nahi hai .
lekin panchal  avanti ,gaandhar ,magadh , koushal  or kuroo jaise naam milte hai.






mahajanpad ki snarachna -ye maha janapad  jaruri maha janpado ke rup me jaane jate hai .
 adhiktar mahajanapdo par raja ka hi shashan hota tha.
lekin gano or sangh se prasidh me logo samuh shashan hota tha .
is samuh ka har insaan ek raja kahlata tha.
bhagwan mahaveer or bhagwan budha bhi inhee gano se  sambandhit the.
vjji sangh ki tarahvkuchrajyo me jameen sahit arthik strot  par raja or gano ka niyantran hota tha.
 strot ki kami ke kaaran inka itihas nahi  likha gaya.
 magar ye sahi hai ye rajya 1000 year tak bane rahe.

Rajdhani-
har mahajanapad ki ek rajdhani hoti thi  jisko kile ke ghere me ghera jata tha.
 kile band rajdhani ki dekhrekh  senaa ya noukar sahhi log karte the.
jiske liye jyada cost lagati thi.




 chhhati shatabdi  b c se brahmano ne sanskrit me  dharm shastra  grantho ki rachana kar di thi.
in grantho me  raja or prazaa ke liye  niyyam bane the.
jaise raja keval kshatriya hi hote the.
   shashak kisaano se or vyapariyon se  or shilpkaaro se kar (tex)  or bhait vasul karenge  .
dhan sangrah karne ka ek  rasta ye bhi tha.
vo raja apne padosi rajya par hamla karke lut laita tha .



kuch raja ke paas sthai senaa  hoti thi.
or kuch ke paas asthai sena  hoti thi.
 jinhe raja kisaano  se niyukt karta tha.

16 mahajanapad -
aiye jaane 16 maha janapad kon si thi. jo jinka ullekh b c chhati shatabdi  me mila hai .




1 . kuroo-mairath or thaneshwer -
rajdhani indraprast.


2. panchal -barelee ,badayu  or farukhabaad 
rajdhani -ahichchhetra or kaapilya.



3. shursen - . mathura ke aas pas ke ilaake  .
rajdhani mathura .



4. vats  -ilahabaad or uske aas paas ke ilaake 

rajdhani koushabi .



5. koushal-avadh .
rajdhani saaket or shree vasti.





6. mall -devariya distric.
rajdhani.kushanagar or paava (adhunik padrona)



7.kashi  - vaaranasi  .
rajdhani .  vaaranasi .


8. anga-bhagalpur  .rajdhani  champa .




9.  magadh -  sauth bihaar  . rajdhani girivraj (adhunik  rajgrah)


10. vrajji - darbhanga distric or mujjafarpur .
rajdhani  mithila .


11. chendi- bundelkhand   rajdhani .shuktimati (banda ke paas)




12.matsya -jaipur .rajdhani  viratnagar .



13 ashmak-godavari ghati .rajdhani paandya.




 14.avanti- malwa  .rajdhani  ujjayinee(ujjain)




15 .gaandhar  -pakistan sthit  pachimi uttar ilaaka   .
rajdhani takshila .




16 kannoj  -lagbhag  adha afgaanistan  
rajdhani. rajapur  .





dosto ye the  16 mahajanapad jo ki chhati shatabdi me the.

hadppa me janwer palna

hadppa  me janwer palna -
doston 

aiye jaane jaane hadppa  me kon kon se janwer paale jaate the.

hadpaa

yu to dekha jaaye hadppa sanskriti  puri tarah se krishi par nirbhar karti thi.
par kuch log hai jo  janweron ko palte  the.




kon kon se janwer paalte the-doston yu to maine pehle bhi kaha hai ki , ye sabhyata  puri tarah se krishi pradhan thi..
par yaha pashupalan bhi hota tha.
jinme pramukh jaanwer  bail gaay (cow)  bhedh (sheep)or suar  paale jate the.

yaha ke logo ko kubad wale saand bahut priy the.
 kutta(dog) to shuru se hi ek paaltu jaanwer hai  ,ye log isko bhi paalte the.
or sath hi billi (cat) bhi paalte the.
dono ke pair ke nishan khudai ke douran mile hai.



sath hi log  ghadhe(doncky) or unt (camel) bhi paalte the.
shayad jisse bhojha utane ka kaam karte the.


so doston kaisi lagi ye jaankari  jarur baataiye 

hadppa ki krashi

hadppa ki krashi  Aj ke mukabale shindhu pradesh purv me bahut upjau tha.
b c ki chouthi sadi me sikandar ke ek itihaskaar ne kaha tha.
ki shindhu is desh ka upjau kshetra hai  pirvakal me prakratik vanspati bahut thi ,jiske kaaran yaha varsha achchi hoti thi.

hadppa ke van  yaha ke vanno se ento ko pakane me or makaan banane me lakdi ka upyog jyada hota tha,jiske kaaran vano ka vistaar ruk sa gaya 

shindhu ki urvarta -shindhu ki urvarta ka ek kaaran shindhu nadi me baadh bhi thi.
 is gaanv ki raksha ke liye khadi paki ento ki diwar batati hai.
 ki baadh har saal aati thi.



yaha ke log baadh utar jaane ke baad bij bo dete the. or agli saal ki baad aane se pehle kaat lete the.



shindhu ka ouzaar  -yaha koi favda ya falhari nahi mila  ,lekin kaalibanga me   hadppa sabhyata  ke jo kut  yaani halrekha mile hai .
unse ye maalum hota hai ki rajsthan me  os kaal se  hal jotate the .


shindhu ghati ki fasal  .-shindhu ghati ki sabhyata ke log genhu jou rai matar  etc anaaj paida karte the.
 ve do kism  ke gehu paida karte the.
banawali me jo mila vo unnat kism ka gehu tha .
iske alawa til or sarso  bhi paoda karte the.
sabse pehle kapaas yahi paida hua tha  .



isi ke naam par yunaan ke log sindon kahne lage .

hadppa ki nagar yojnaहड़प्पा सभ्यता

hadppa ki nagar yojna.
hadppa  sabhyata ki sabse vsesh baat ye thi.
viksisit nagar yojna .




nagar ki yojna- hadppa or mohajodadho dono nagaron ke apne durg the.
jaha shashak varg ka parivar  rahte the . or durg ke bahar ek  usse nimn star ki bastiya hoti thi.
jisme saamanya log rahte the . jo ki ento se bane hote the .
  bhavano ki banawat nagar me bhavano ki vishesh  baat ye thi .
ki ye jaal ki tarah  vinyast the . matlab sadke ek dusre ko samkon par katati thi or nagar aayatakaar khando me bant jata tha.
 or nagar sabhi sindhu  bastiyon par  laagu thi ,
hadppa or mohanjodadho  ke bhavan bade hote the  .
vaha  ke smaarak olis baat ka praman hai ki vaha ke shashak majdur karsamgrah karne me maahir the.
 ento ki badi imaarat dekhakar saamanya logo ko lagega ki shasak kitne pratapi or pratistha vaan the.




nagar or bhavan ki khasiyat -mohajodadho ka abtak ka sabse famous sthan hai  . vishal snanagar  ,jiska  jalashay durg ke tile me hai.
ye entonke sthapatya ka ek badiya udaharan haib .
yab  11.88 miter lamba 7.01 miter chouda  or 2.43 miter gahara  hai .
dono siro par niche jaane ke liye  sidiya bani hai .
 bagal me kapde badalne ka kamra hai  .
snanagar ka parsh paki ento se bana hai.
 paas ke kamre me ek  bada kua hai jiska paani nikalkar houj me dala jata hai 

houj ke koune me  ek outlet hai  jisse paani bahkar naali me jata hai.
 aisa mana jata hai ki ye vishal snanagar dharmik kaam ke douran nahane ke liye vanaya gaya th. jo bharat ki parmapra ke rup mr jaruri hai.
 mohanjodadho ki sabse badi rachna hai . vo hai anaaj rakhne ka kouthar  jo 45.71 miter lamba or 15.23 miter chouda hai.
hadppa me 6 kouthar mile hai jo ento ke chabutre par do paaaton par kade hai  hsr kouthar15.23 miter lambe or 6.09 miter choude hai  or nadi ke kinaare  bane  hai.
in 12 ikaaiyon  ka tal ksetra 838.125 varg miter hai jo lagbhag utna hi hai jitna mohanjodadho ke kiuthar ka hai.hadppa ke kouthar ke dakshin me khula parsh hai or is par kataro me genhu or jou ke vratakar chabutare bane hai.
   pharsh oar dararo me genhu or jou ke daane mile hai.
jisse ye lagata hai.in chabutato par fasalon ki davani hoti thi.











hadppa ke do kamro wale baairak bhi mile hai .
jo shayad majduron ke rahane ke liye bane the .
  kaali bangaa me bhi nahar ke dakshin me kouthar mile hai .
 is prakar ye saaf hota hai ki kouthar hadppa sanskrati ka abhinna hissa hai  

hadppa sansakrati kaha tak faili hui thi.

hadppa sansakrati kaha tak faili hui thi
 hadppa ko hadppa kyo kahte hai.
is sabhata ko hadppa sansakrti  isliy kaha jaata hai  kyoki ye sabhata  sarvpratham 1924 me adhunik pakistan ke punjab ke prant  ke  hadppa naam ki jagah par sthit hai.


  ye sabhyata kaha tak faili hai.  is unnat sabhyata ke kendra sthal  punjab or sindh me hai.
iska vistaar  dakshin purv me hai  .
is prakaar hadppa  sanskrati  ke anusaar punjaab sindh or baluchisthan ke bhag hi nahi .
gujrat  rajsthan  hariyaana or paschimi uttar pradesh ke simaant bhag bhi the  iska failav uttar me jammu se lekar dakshin me narmada ke muhaane tak  or paschim me baluchisthan ke makraan samundra se lekar  uttar purv me merath  tak tha.

 hadppa ka kshetrafal  . ye skshetr tribhuja kaar hai .
iska ksherfal 1299600 varg kilomiter tak faila hua hai.
is tarah iski sima  adhunik pakistan se to badi hai. iske alava prachin mishra , mesopotiya se bhi badi hai.
b c ki dusri  or tisri shasrabdi  me duniya ki koi bhi sabhyata  is sabhyata se badi nahi thi.

hadppa ke shahr.

 upmahadwip me is sanskrati ke kul 1000 sathano ka pata chal gaya hai. jime paripakva awastha waale kam hai.
inme se aadhe darzano ko hi nagar ki sangya di gai hai.
inme se do mykhya hai.
 punjaab ka  hadppa  or sindh ks mohanjodadho ( jiska arth hai preto ka tila ) dono ho ek dusre se 483 km ki distance me the.
or sindh nadi se jude the.
 tisra nagar mohanjodadho se  130 km ki distance me dkashin me chanhudadho  par tha.
or chourha nagar gujrat ke khambhat ki khadi ke upar lothal namak sthan par tha.
iske alava uttari bhag me kslibaga  (kaale rang ki chudiya ) tatha hariyaana ke hissar dist ka banavali  in sabhi sthano par  paripakva or unnat  hadppa  ke darshan hote hai.  



sutakagedor or surkoutda ke samundrinnagaro me bhi paripakva sthiti dikhai deti hai.
   in dono  ki visheshta hai .
ek nagar durgbka hona  utrar hadppa  avastha  gujrat me kathiya vad  parydwip me rangpur  or rojdi sathano par pai jaati hai .

Kasyayug kaisa tha

Sandhu ghati ki sabhyata Ka  vikash   tamra  yug  pashan yug  me hi hua tha.

 par  samkaalin sabhyatao  se iska   vikash adhik hua .

is kaal  me bharatiya  upmahadwip  ke uttar paschim me 2500 b c  se 1700 b c  ke bich ek uchchstariya  sabhyata vikasit hui ,

jiski nagar niyojan arngment bahut vikasit hua  tha.

logon ko naaliyo  or sadakon ke mahatva ka gyan tha.

 nagar ke  sadak apas me  samkoun par kaatate the, jisse  nagar aayta kaar  tukdon me bant jata tha.

 ek sarvjanik  bathroom bhi tha .

jo  dharm kaaryo me  nahaane ke liye  banaya gaya  tha.

log  apas me or   mesopotiya  or  pharas  se vyapar  bhi karte the.

  logon  ka vishvash murty puja me tha, ling pujan bhi prashidh tha.

par ye  nischit nahi tha .

ki yah hindu sanskrati ka vikashkram tha.

  usse milti julti  koi alag sabhyata  maante hai ,kuch vidvan  ise  dravid sabhyata mante hai,kuch aarya  to kuch  koi bhaahr ki  jaatiyo ki sabhyata mante hai .

(Sandhu ghati ki sabhyata 3300 b c se 1700 b c tak)  ye  hadppa sabhyta  duniya  ki purani  nadi   ghati  ki sabhyatao  me se ek mukhya sabhayta thi  iska vikash  sindu nadi ke kinaare  ki ghatiyon me  mohanjodadho  kaalibanga ,chanhudadho,rangpur ,louthan ,dhoulvira  ,rakhgiree,demabaad , sutkngedaar  ,surkotada or hadppa me hua tha .

british  kaal me  hui khudaiyon ke adhar par  puratan vibhag  or itihaskaaron ke anumaan hai ki ye bahut  viksit  sabhayta thi   

is sabhayata ke shahar anek baar base or ujde hai.     

sindu ghati ke sanskrati

sindu ghati  ke sanskrati ..
bharat ka itihas  sinhu ghati ki sanskrati  ke sath shuru hota hai   or baarikee se kaha jaay to hadppa sabhyata ke sath  iski shuruat hui .

ye dakshin asia ke paschimi hisse  lagbhag 2500 b c maani gai hai  jise aj hum pakistan or paschimi bharat kahate hai .

sindhu ghati misra mesoptiya  bharat or china ki char  purane city sabse badi  savhyatao ka ghar thi.





is  sabhayata ke baare me 1920 tak kuch bhi nahi pata tha.

 bharatiya puratatva vibhag  ne  ssindhu ghati ki khudai shuru ki tab  2 purane shahar   mohanjodadho or  hadppa  ke avshesh mile  bhavano ke tute hisse or kuch anya  chize mili  jo darshati hai , ki ye sabhyata 5000 year  pahle ki ek uchch vikasit  sabhyatà  me fali fuli .
sindhu ghati ki sabhyata  mull rup se  ek shahari sabhyata thi.




 yaha rahnewale  log  ek yojna badh or sunirmit  kasbon me rahte the.
 jo vyaapar ke kendra bhi the.
 mohanjodadho or hadppa  ke avshesh darshate hai ki ye  bhavya  vyaparik shahar  vaigyanik tarike se banaye gaye hai.
 inki dekhbhal  achchhhi tarah se ki jaati thi  yaha choudi sadake ,ek viksit nikaas paranali thi.
 .


ghar  pakai ento se  bane the .
or inme do ya do se adhik  manzile thi  ichcha vikasit  sabhyata  hadppa me  genhu or jou ugaane ki kalaa jaanante the.
 jinse ve apna mouta bhojan taiyyar karte the.
 unhone suar or ande  ka sevan bhi kiya  saboot batate hai ki   ye suti or uni kapde oahnante the. 




1500 year se  b c tak inka ant ho gaya 

atal bhiari vajpay ek mahaan saksiyat

atal bhiari vajpay    ek mahaan saksiyat-

 tute hue sapno ki siskee,
  anter ko chir  vyatha  ki thithki.
 haar nahi maanuga .
raar nahi maanunga  
main geet naya gaata hu 

 ye kavita us insaan ki jinsko saari duniya maanti hai  .
jise saari duniya jaanti hai .
ji haa ye insaan hai  shree atal bihari vajpay .
 is shakhsha ke baare me  main kya kah sakta hu main ek chhota insaan . pheer bhi unko shraddanjali ke rup me  .



kuch apni kavita ke do bol de  sakta hu .



 hum unko apni yaadon me aabad rakhenge .
bhul jayenge sabko bas unko yaad rakenge .


hai prenana ke srot vo  .
unka hi sada   sada maan rakhenge 
 chhup gaye baadlo me to kya .
chhup gaye baadlo me to kya .
 unki halki dhup ko sada mahsus karenge .



   16 august  ki vo manhus ghadi  jisne humase  atal sabd ko chhin  liya .is taarikh ko  sada yaay takhenge   or ek atal yug ka ant ho gaya 
 ek baat batana chahunga  main inke baare bata nahi sakta  .


kyoki inke saamne mail bahut chhota hu mera dil mera man chhota hu   mere paas shabd nahi inke baare me kahne ke liye  .
 is liye bus itna kahunga  hi kahunga   vo mere liye sada adarniya rahenge .

main ajkat unki ek kavita bhi nahi suni thi.
magar jab 16 august ko inki kavita mere kaano me padi  to  mere andar ek nai sakti  ka sanchar hui    .




kah sakte  hai  the real hiro of politics . 
is ke sath   bade dukh ke sath unko kahunga bhagwan unko shanti de

purana bharat

             purana  bharat

 bharat ka itihash.
-  bharat    ka itihash  or sanskrati gatimaan hai  ye maanav sabhyata  se shuru hoti hai .

 sindhu ghati- barat  ki sanskrati  sindhu ghati ke  ek rahsya purn sanskrati se shuru hokar  bharat ke  dakshin ke  kisaan samudai tak jati hai .

 bharat ke itihas me  bharat ke aas pas  anek sanskratiyon se logon ka sanpark hota hai   .



bharat or dhatue- upalbdh saboot baate hai ki  loha tamba  or anya  dhatuo ka upyog  shuru se hi  bhartiya upmaha dwip  me prashidha hai   .
jo duniya  is hisse dwara banai gai   pragtee ke sanket hai   .
chhothi sahsrabdi  bisi ke ant tak bharat  ek atyant viksit  sanskrati ke rup me  ubhar chuka tha.
  hadppa  sabhyata ke 1500 year ke lambe antral me   upmahadwip   ke alag alag bhagon me  kai prakar ke vikash karya  kiye.




yahi  vo kaal tha ,jab sindhu nadi or  iski upnadi ke kinaare rahne walo nr  srangvaid  ko likha .
uttar bharat   dakkan  pathar  kshetra  or karnatak  jaise upmahadwip  ke ksheyron me  kisaan bastiya  bhi astitva me aai.
 sath hi  dakkan or dakshin  bharat ke charwaha basti ke bhi saboot mile hai  .



issa purv pehli sahsrabdi  ke douran  madhya or dakshin bahrat me  laasho ke antim sanskar ke naye tarike  bhi saamne aaye   .
jinme mahaoashan yug ke patharon ke dhanche mile hai  .
kai jagaho par paya gaya ki lashon ke sath hathiyaar  bhi dafnaye gaye .



issa purv ki chhati sahsrabdi  se naye parivaratan ke saboot mile hai   shayad inme sabse jyada  mukhar  shuruati  rajyo  , samarajyo or  rajvadon ka vikash  hai .
 in rajniti prakriya  ke pichhe kuch  anya parivartan bhi the.
 inka pata  krashi upaj sangrah karne  ke tariko se  chalta hai  isike sath hi  lagbhag pure upmahadwip me  naye nagaro ka uday hua   itihaaskaar  isi vilash ka akalan   karne ke liye  abhilekho , grantho, sikko   or photo ka adhyayan karte hai

Independent day

Independent

 day- 
1947 Ko bharat ko British sarkar se azadi  mili . Us din Independent  day manaya  national festival  of India  ke Rup me celebrate  kiya jata hai



Gulami ki shuruat-Independent  day    doston gulami ki  shuruat to 1168 ke laghbhag hi ho gai thi .
jab muglon  bharat par humla kar diya tha  uske baad pur desh par shashan kiya tha.
uske baad british ne desh par kabja kiya or lambe samay tak shashan kiya .


azadi ke sipaahi .
azadi ki ladaai ab ak ki sabse lambi ladaai thi  ya yu kahe ki atak ka sabse lamba yudh tha.
 jisme bhaag lene wala har insaan ek sipahi tha.
 bharat ki or se shagharsh bahrat me anek log the jinhone  azadi ke liye shangharsh kiya or apna balidan diya   jisme  rani laxmibai  chandrashekar aazad baghat singh  mahatma gandhi   subhash chandra boss   asfaq ullah khan  or bhi bahut se log the kranti or deshbakti ka housla or hume path padaya or  apna balidan diya   or  desh ko azad karvaya.


gulami ki vajah  aaiye hum jaanane ki  koshish kare ki desh ke gulam hone me humaari kya kamjori thi.
 doston.desh ke gulam hone ki sabse badi vajah  deshvaashi hi hai.

desh ko anek bhago me vibhakt kiya  saamaj ko anek vargo me baat diya   or aapsa me phut ke kaara  ladaai kerke apni shakti kamjor karna  ye sabhi mukhya vajah hai desh ko gulam banane ki   jiske kaaran hum gulam hue.