Jallianwala Bagh December 1919Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre

Jallianwala Bagh December 1919

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre brought the inhuman faces of the British to the fore. British soldiers were shot on the unarmed crowd gathered in a public meeting in an almost closed field, without any warning, on the order of General Dyer, despite the restrictions, Were doing

The crowd gathered here on 13th April was opposed to the arrest of two national leaders -Syampal and Dr. Saifuddin Kichloo. 

Suddenly, British army officer General Dyer ordered his army to run on the unarmed crowd without giving an opportunity to disperse, and shot and continued for 10 minutes until they were finished. In these 10 minutes, (according to the Congress calculation) one thousand people were killed and about two thousand people were injured. The marks of bullets can still be seen in the Jallianwala garden, which has now been declared a national monument. This massacre was pre-planned and General Dyer declared with pride that he did this to teach such a lesson and if he continued the gathering then he would kill them all. There was no embarrassment on her own.

When he went to England , some British gathered donations to welcome him. While some others were surprised by this heinous  act of Dyer  and they demanded the investigation. A Britist newspaper called it the most bloody genocide of modern history .

21 years later, on March 13, 1940, a Revolutionary Indian Udham Singh   shot Michael O Dyer  dead as he was the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab at the time of the incident of Jallianwala massacre  . The massacre  filled the anger in the Indian people  , which the government had to resort to vandalism again to suppress. The people of Punjab were tortured, they were kept in open cages and whipped on them. Newspapers were banned and their editors were either put in jail or were banished. The empire of a terror, as it was born during the suppression of the rebellion of 1857, was spread all around. Ravindranath Tagore  returned the title of knighthood granted to him by the British . This genocide proved to be a turning point in the history of india  freedom struggle.

The congressional session was held in Amritsar in December  1919. A large number of people including the farmers took part in it. It is clear that this massacre  worked as a ghee in the fire and strengthened the urge to oppose repression and freedom in the people.

Kabir गुरु दास कबीर... |

Kabir

The 15th century saw Kabir as a mystic Sufi poet and saint who influenced religion, society and political philosophy, which is still visible to this day.

It is believed that he was born in the weavers family, due to different information about his birth, various thoughts have been kept between the Hindus and Muslims often for their identity. Kabir, the most famous poet and most famous writer in India, made influential poems during his lifetime during 1498-1518 AD, whose influence lay on the Bhakti movement and the mention of his verses is also stored in the Adi texts of Sikhism.

Kabir, the poet and godess of devotion, became a disciple of Ramapan (a person whose goal was to assemble the principles of Islam, Christianity and Brahmin), so Kabir's poems are a reflection of the merger of his Guru's thoughts and in style Shows the recognition of fictional local language. Local language is used in style,Hindi, duration , Braj, and Bhojpuri dialects have been used in the poems centered on the characteristics of life and devotion to God.

In Kabir's poems , community mobility and rational thinking of that time have been expressed. His philosophical assessment of life has given access to liberal ideas to today's generation. Their synthesis is the main source of both cultures, including Hindu religion and Islam and Sikhism .


They are known for criticizing Hindu  and Islamic religion and their meaningless traditions, they claim that both religions have misinterpreted the Vedas and the Qur'an respectively, and have ignored the essence of life. He has suggested that the right way to live is through the path of Dharma, all are the reflections of God and therefore all are equal, they have propagated Ram Mantra  to understand and contemplate God. While seriously asserting both the religions (Hindu and Islam ),kabir  fought for his ideas, although he was threatened by both sects, he welcomed it and expressed gratitude for taking them closer to God.

kabir united the divine and divine in the basic religious principles and according to his opinion, salvation can be achieved only with the unity of these two. Poetry written by Kabir, the oral poems of knowledge were called "vani" by his followers, which contained two, shlokas and were considered proof of reality. Kabir legacy was kept alive through the name of Kabirpanth  which was recognized by religious sects and by its members, which is called Kabiranthi .

His literary works are as follows: Kabir Bijak, Kabir Shastai,Adi granth, etc., and Kabir Grantavali.

In his work of eternal expression and expression of the mysterious spirit and with the metaphors of broad beliefs, it is the easiest to symbolize the religions. However, Kabir was criticized for his statement in women. It has been argued that there are dual explanations in Kabir's poems and therefore there can be a difference.

kabir  spent most of his life time in Varanasi  and it is said that Varanasi  was the center of the influence of the vast Hindu  priests, and he was criticized for his poorly observing traditional practices. He was expelled from Varanasi  at the age of 60 in AD 1495, after which he along with his followers went to northern India and spent the life of exile. According to the information received, they took the last breath in 1518 AD in Magahar , near Gorakhpur .

Like his birth, his death was also surrounded by many controversies, while some believed that Kabir  was the son of a Brahmin who was adopted by a non-Muslim  Muslim couple , the general opinion is that he was born in a muslim family. Due to the publicity of the best ideas of both religions, his followers were debated about their funeral. According to mythology, flowers were found on their dead bodies and Muslims buried  the same flowers, whereas Hindus  performed the last rites of those flowers.

Timur invasion of India

Timur invasion of India

After conquering Central Asian countries, he looked at India, called gold-fished bird. In India, she wanted to loot her heart.

His burning desire also brought him to India because in this period india was under weak rulers and there was dissatisfaction between the full political  anarchy and the people.

This was due to the death of Firoj shah tuglaq. That is why it was the best time to visit timur  in India.

It is very clear in the historical chronology that Timur also came to India with intent to adopt Islamism and get Ghazi's title in the name of purifying Hindus of their sins in India. Apart from this, the purpose of his visit to India was to complete the dreams of Genighsh Khan.

Timur entered India with his army and reached Delhi in 1398.

He has plundered a lot in the country. 

The insult of cruel massacre, looting and women reached such a point that people had decided to marry their daughters and sisters at a very young age.

History also indicates that for a whole year, India was in a state of terror and poverty because the people of the people were taken away by the army. Anarchy and bloodshed were at its peak here. The whole country was completely wasted. According to the facts, more than one lakh Indians were killed in this war.

The invasion of Timur was nothing but a demonstration of a demonic mind, which never lived in peace. His disreputable passion and mis-psychology resulted in a long-term failure. It took a long time for the circumstances to become normal.

Timur only destroyed hundreds of beautiful buildings and temples to rob the property. After the invasion of Timur, India had almost lost all its property and was at the peak of economic disaster. His army trampled the standing crops and burnt the finished crops. Dead bodies and destruction under the open sky increased diseases and caused food shortages. The effect of this attack was so high that no other Tughlaq ruler could regain his power again or sit on the throne again. The country was on the verge of breaking completely.

This incident invited Babar to invade India, after which the Mughal dynasty was established.

Some mention in Rig Veda

Some mention in Rig Veda

It is mentioned in the Rig Veda that at that time some women were such that the whole life was unmarried Such women / daughters were called Amajya. 

Many times Panchang is mentioned in the Rigveda. Nirukta (the book written on the Vedas) mentions that some scholars understand the meaning of four characters and the Nishad community (sailor class) from Panchjan. In Rigveda, Indra has been described as Panchagianya.In the Raga period, 

the characters were organized on the basis of karma In this ved, two brothers are mentioned - shantanu and Devapi, in which shantanu is king and God is a priest. In Ringveda, only the Himalayas  and its peak Mujvant are mentioned. In the Sathpath Brahmin, there is also a mention of Trikuta which is called Trikuta nowadays. In this Ved, the river Indus is called Hiranyayi, because the river was obtained by the river. For the word "Vargas", the word Gurbani is mentioned in the Rig Veda. In Rigveda, And it is clear from the stories of Bhrijya that father's son had absolute authority. The goddess of the forest, Aranyani, is mentioned in the "Rig Code". Tax write information is derived from the 10th Division of the Rig Veda. As crops in Rigveda - is used Kikt word Magadha Hakhrigved barley and refer to grain.

Development of the board of Rigveda

There are 10 boards in total. The first is the collection of two to seven congregations. After that, the 8th Division was added to it. Monks from 2 to 8 were separated and they were placed in 9th Division. Therefore 9th Mandal is also called Som Mandal or Pavaman Mandal, because all its Sukt is related to Som. The first and the tenth division were added to this collection after this. The newest is the tenth division which was finally added. If you go to the Rigveda, the 2-7 mandal is the oldest and the tenth board is the newest.

जर्मनी के एकीकरण में बिस्मार्क की भूमिका (Role of Bismarck in Unification of Germany)

जर्मनी के एकीकरण में बिस्मार्क की भूमिका (Role of Bismarck in Unification of Germany)

बिस्मार्क ने जर्मनी के एकीकरण के लिए नयी नीति अपनाई थी, जिसके चलते उन्हें man of blood and ironभी कहा जाता है. बिस्मार्क जनतंत्र का विरोधी और निरंकुश शासन का समर्थक था. वह राजतंत्र पर किसी प्रकार का संवैधानिक प्रतिबंध नहीं लगाना चाहता था. उसे संसद, संविधान और लोकतंत्र के आदर्शों से घृणा थी. उसका विश्वास था कि जर्मनी के भाग्य का निर्माण राजा ही कर सकता है. उसने क्रांतिकारियों और उदारवादियों की कटु आलोचना की. बिस्मार्क का उद्देश्य प्रष को शक्तिशाली राष्ट्र बनाकर उसके नेतृत्व में जर्मनी का एकीकरण (Unification of Germany) करना चाहता था. उसका दूसरा उद्देश्य ऑस्ट्रिया को जर्मन परिसंघ बाहर निकालना था, क्योंकि एकीकरण के मार्ग में सबसे बड़ा बाधक ऑस्ट्रिया था. साथ ही वह जर्मनी को यूरोप में प्रमुख शक्ति बनाना चाहता था. उसने प्रशा की सेना का संगठन कर उसे यूरोप का शक्तिशाली राष्ट्र बना दिया. उसने कूटनीतिक माध्यम से ऑस्ट्रिया को कमजोर बनाने का प्रयास किया. बिस्मार्क ऑस्ट्रिया के विरुद्ध रूस से मित्रता चाहता था.

Liyaquat or desai

Jhinnah ki 14 manage

Mahismati ka rajya

नेपोलियन प्रथम का योगदान

नेपोलियन प्रथम ने जर्मनी के 300 राज्यों को समाप्त कर डच राज्यों का एक संघ बनाया. उसने फ्रांसीसी क्रांति  के सिद्धांतों से जर्मनी के लोगों को परिचित कराया. उसने अपने अधीनस्थ राज्यों में अपना 'कोड” भी लागू किया. इससे जर्मनी के लोगों में राष्ट्रीय चेतना जगी और वे जर्मनी को एक सुसंगठित राष्ट्र के रूप में देखने लगे.

Shivaji or unka samrajya

Delhi samrajya ki shuruat

वियना कांग्रेस के निर्णय के विरुद्ध जर्मनी में प्रतिक्रिया

वियना कांग्रेस के द्वारा जर्मनी को पुनः छोटे-छोटे राज्यों में विभाजित कर दिया गया था. उनका एक संघ बनाया गया जिसका अध्यक्ष ऑस्ट्रिया का सम्राट था. वियना कांग्रेस की व्यवस्था से जर्मनी के निवासियों में असंतोष उत्पन्न हुआ, क्योंकि उन्हें नागरिकता के अधिकार से वंचित रखा गया.

जर्मनी के एकीकरण (Unification of Germany) के आर्थिक तत्त्वों की भूमिका भी महत्त्वपूर्ण थी. प्रशा के नेतृत्व में जर्मनी का आर्थिक एकीकरण हुआ. आर्थिक एकीकरण ने राजनीतिक एकीकरण के लिए मार्ग तैयार किया. आर्थिक एकीकरण ने जर्मनी के विकेंद्रीकरण में सहायक प्रादेशिक और राजवंशीय प्रभाव को कम कर दिया. जर्मनी के एकीकरण (Unification of Germany) में औद्योगिक विकास से भी सहायता मिली. जर्मनी का पूँजीपति वर्ग मजबूत केन्द्रीय सरकार का समर्थक बन गया. जर्मनी के एकीकरण में रेल-लाइनों की भूमिका भी महत्त्वपूर्ण थी. इससे एकीकरण के मार्ग की प्राकृतिक बाधाएँ दूर हो गयीं. 

राष्ट्रीय विचारों का आदान-प्रदान सरल हो गया. औद्योगिकीकरण की आवश्यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए जर्मनी का एकीकरण (Unification of Germany) आवश्यक हो गया. 

सम्पूर्ण जर्मनी के लिए एक प्रकार के सिक्के तथा एक प्रकार की विधि-व्यवस्था की माँग की गयी. इस प्रकार आर्थिक जीवन में परिवर्तन से भी एकीकरण आन्दोलन को प्रोत्साहन मिला.